The purpose of this publication is to provide a succinct explanation of what the European Union is, how it works and what it is all about. It does so by reference to 12 simple everyday objects that correspond to the 12 stars on the European flag.  

A short factual guide to the European Union, this publication avoids going down every highway and byway of the European maze, while hopefully capturing its essence. It reflects the author’s own personal views as well as his experience as an Irish diplomat and European official. 

This publication is based on an original blog series, written by Bobby McDonagh and published online by the Institute of International and European Affairs from January to March 2026. The views expressed within are those of the author alone and do not represent the views of the IIEA, which is fully independent.