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RFC 2 (NLM) - draft overview of measures against illegal content (hate, child pornography, violent radicalisation, copyright infringement) in the EU 27 Member States
22 Dec 2009See project page at http://www.iiea.com/staff?workingGroupUrlKey=violent-radicalisation
Please add to this document where data is missing or out of date and send your information to caitriona.heinl@iiea.com
Overview of measures against violent radical content on the Internet (terrorism, hate, racism, child abuse, copyright infringement)
Request for Comment
IIEA NLM RFC 2 version .01
Authors: Johnny Ryan, Caitriona Heinl, Oisin Suttle, Gilbert Ramsay, Tim Stevens.
Institute of International and European Affairs
www.iiea.com
Objective of this Paper
This RFC is a very basic initial overview of the various measures used in each member state against illegal Internet content, including hate speech, child pornography, violent radicalisation, and copyright infringement. It is intended to be elaborated upon by readers.
Introduction to the RFC Document Series
Please note that, as work in progress, these reports should not be treated as complete or authoritative, and should not be relied on in any way. In particular, they do not constitute and should not be regarded as legal or other advice. Any person seeking guidance on legal or other aspects of Internet regulation should seek the advice of a solicitor or other appropriate professional. Neither the Institute of International and European Affairs nor any researcher or other person involved in the preparation of this paper accepts any liability in respect of its contents.
In the early days of computer networking, as a company called BBN started building the IMPs (Interface Message Processor computers) for the ARPANET (the forerunner to the Internet), an important piece of the network was missing: the software that would govern how computers would communicate with each other. Graduate students at various facilities funded by the US Department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) had been given the task in 1969 of developing the missing communication protocols. They formed an informal “network working group”. Finding themselves working in a vacuum, they began developing not only these technical protocols, but also the informal protocols that would influence interpersonal communications on the Internet in general.
Uncertain of their positions within the hierarchy of the ARPANET project, the students issued notes on their protocols under the title of “Request for Comments” (RFC). Steve Crocker, a graduate student who had received his bachelors degree at UCLA only a year before, used the title Request for Comments to make the invitation to participate as open as possible, and minimise any claim to authority that working on so crucial an aspect of the network as its protocols might imply. The first RFC document, which set the tone for the next half century of Internet culture and initiated the process of defining the protocols that now govern virtually all data exchange on the planet, was composed in humble circumstances. Its author recalls: “I had to work in a bathroom so as not to disturb the friends I was staying with, who were all asleep”.[1]
Crocker was writing a document that outlined some broad ideas on how the students would pass around ideas through “temporary, informal memos”.[2] Even as he drafted the prospect of disapproval from far above in the academic hierarchy weighed heavily upon him: ‘In my mind, I was inciting the wrath of some prestigious professor at some phantom East Coast establishment. I was actually losing sleep over the whole thing’[3].
Crocker was eager to open up the process to as many of his peers as possible: ‘Closely related to keeping the technical design open was keeping the social process around the design open as well. Anyone was welcome to join the party’[4]. Vint Cerf, an early participant in the informal networking group, and now Vice President of Google, sums up the approach and context:
Keep in mind that the original developers of the host level protocols were mostly graduate students. We adopted a humble and inclusive posture and a mantra that Dave Clark ultimately coined as "rough consensus and running code" - that means we don’t really vote exactly, we just try to assess rough consensus among the group trying to agree on proposed standards.[5]
Through this open and collaborative process the group first developed the Network Control Protocols (NCP) and then proceeded to work on a more advanced protocol that could allow different networks to communicate with each other. Much as the packet-switched network concept is an essential characteristic of the internet that informs the communications and culture on it, so the network protocols and the manner in which they were developed were an important development toward less hierarchical and formal norms.
RFC 3, released in April 1969, elaborated on the character and objectives of the RFCs. (Note that the word “Host” here refers to a connected computer. )
These standards (or lack of them) are stated explicitly for two reasons. First, there is a tendency to view a written statement as ipso facto authoritative, and we hope to promote the exchange and discussion of considerably less than authoritative ideas. Second, there is a natural hesitancy to publish something unpolished, and we hope to ease this inhibition.[6]
RFC 3 continues in the counter-hierarchical vein, establishing the principle that no text should be considered authoritative, that there is no final edit. Authority was to be derived from merit rather than fixed hierarchy.
Crocker’s RFC, though penned in a humble circumstances, set the open, inviting tone of the next half century of Internet culture. Almost 6,000 RFCs have since been published, maintaining an open, collaborative approach in Internet engineering circles.
The IIEA (Institute of International & European Affairs) has adopted the RFC to disseminate materials that are not yet in final release form, and which could usefully benefit from the input of a wider group of contributors and commentary. These RFCs reflect work in progress. Our hope is that, having read this paper, you will have comments on it, whether in terms of approach, methodology, content or presentation. Please do not hesitate to send your comments to the project coordinator, Caitriona Heinl, at caitriona.heinl@iiea.com.
Johnny Ryan
Principal Investigator, IIEA Study on non-legislative measures to prevent the distribution of violent radical content on the Internet
Project Introduction
The Institute of International and European Affairs (the “IIEA”) has been contracted by the European Commission to prepare a study of non-legislative measures to prevent the distribution of violent radical content on the Internet.
More detail on this research project can be found at http://www.iiea.com/staff?workingGroupUrlKey=violent-radicalisation and in the project’s Terms of Reference[7].
This study is part of a wider set of legislative and non-legislative measures proposed by the European Commission as part of its response to the threat of international terrorism. This has included the adoption of Council Framework Decision 2008/919/JHA on combating terrorism, mandating the creation of a number of new offences including recruitment for terrorism, training for terrorism, and public provocation to commit a terrorist offence. A stated goal of the European Commission in proposing these new offences was to provide a sound legal basis for action against terrorist propaganda on the Internet.
Overview
|
Member State |
Measures |
Austria |
Child abuse / Nazism:
There is no filtering provision and only an informal understanding for notice and take down of child porn hosted on Austrian servers. The hotline www.stopline.at is run by the Association of Austrian Internet Providers, the ISPA - Internet Service Providers Austria to deal with child-pornography and neo-Nazi content.[8]
Hate Speech/Discrimination:
Zivilcourage and Anti-Rassismus-Arbeit (ZARA), an Austrian anti-racism NGO founded in 1999, is a member of INACH. It handles received complaints and takes action against hate sites.[9] |
Belgium |
Hotlines: |
Bulgaria |
Hotline: www.web112.net: hotline targeting illegal and harmful internet content. Initially primarily concerned with issues of child pornography on the Internet but, as the service gains experience and public recognition, it is planned that the scope of activity will be extended to cover other forms of harmful content and conduct, as well as other interactive technologies (incl. mobile, online games, chat channels, etc.) The hotline is managed by the Applied Research and Communications Fund (ARC Fund) in partnership with the State Agency for Information Technologies and Communications, the State Agency for Child Protection, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Education and Science, and under the general supervision of a Public Council on Safer Internet Use in Bulgaria.[11] Awareness-raising: www.safenet.bg: website operated by the ARC Fund in partnership with Association Roditeli, the Bulgarian Federation for Electronic Sports and the DeConi Advertising Agency. Provides awareness raising, training, research and information activities assisted by its advisory board, the Public Council on Safer Internet Use.
Relevant Organisations Applied Research and Communications (ARC) Fund State Agency for Information Technologies and Communications State Agency for Child Protection Ministry of the Interior Ministry of Education and Science Public Council on Safer Internet Use in Bulgaria Association Roditelli Bulgarian Federation for Electronic Sports |
Cyprus |
Hotlines: Cyberethics Cyprus : general purpose - includes both child pornography and racial discrimination).[12] Cyprus Neuroscience and Technology Institute (CNTI) coordinates operation of the hotline, as well as an awareness raising function and an internet helpline, the latter in cooperation with the Pancyprian Coordinating Committee for the Protection and Welfare of Children.[13]
Safe Web : general purpose - primarily child pornography but also all other forms of illegal content including pornography, racism, online gambling, data and consumer protection (http://www.safeweb.org.cy/).[14] Operated by the University of Cyprus.[15] [A special task force exists within the Cypriot Police Headquarters trained to deal with child pornography and paedophiles operating on the internet. This task force also has powers to deal with online terrorist material.][16] Police do not have the ability to investigate these cases without clashing with the privacy laws concerning telecommunications. Although the Government signed the Budapest Convention on fighting child pornography, it has proved difficult to adhere to as Cypriot law states that communication services are not allowed to disclose personal information. The only way authorities have been able to make arrests is when the material was found on the actual hard disc of the suspect’s computer or on CDs.[17] |
Czech Republic |
Hotlines: (Hate Speech/Discrimination) - Horka Linka (horka-linka.saferinternet.cz): principally child-focused but also deals with racism, extremism, hate speech, violence, drugs, self-destruction and suicide. Operated by the Czech Safer Internet National Centre (saferinternet.cz). - Czech Helsinki Committee (CHV) - www.helcom.cz. CHV is a human rights NGO and is the Czech INACH member. The Helsinki Committee also has a function in actively monitoring hate speech websites.[18] (Child Abuse) Our Child Foundation (www.internethotline.cz): child specific. Operated by Nadace Naše dít? (www.nasedite.cz), the Our Child Foundation. Functions as a link between the public, Czech Police and ISPs. Awareness raising: Czech Safer Internet National Centre (www.saferinternet.cz) operates as part of the EU Safer Internet Program. It fulfils both awareness raising and hotline functions, the latter through the Horka Linka site.[19] Filtering: Some ISPs using filters that block access to sites on the IWF list[20] [21] |
Denmark |
Child abuse: Some ISPs DNS block, and TDC, which had previously been the state telecom provider and accounted for more than half of Internet traffic, began DNS filtering in October 2005, and was followed by late 2006 voluntarily by virtually all ISPs at the Government’s request. The ISPs use a filter updated by the Danish Police, which considers the inclusion of materials it is alerted to by Save The Children.[22] In 2008, blocking extended to PirateBay.[23]
Hotlines: Red Barnet - [24]http://www.redbarnet.dk/: in order to raise awareness and fight child pornography on the Internet. Since 1998 the organisation has dealt with reports about child pornography in close cooperation with the Danish Law Enforcement Agencies and the Danish Internet providers' organisation. Financial support from the European Commission and the Danish government in 2001/2002 enabled the hotline to expand. The hotline is operated by Save the Children Denmark.
www.politi.dk: the Danish police operate a general purpose online reporting facility whereby users can report all kinds of illegal activity on the internet.[25]
Awareness Raising: The Media Council for Children and Young People: (www.medieraadet.dk) acts as a Danish awareness node under the Safer Internet Program. Its role is to create awareness and inform about children’s use of the Internet and new technologies as well as to provide parents and educators with knowledge and tools for raising children in the network society.[26]
Hate Speech: The Documentation and Advisory Center on Racial Discrimination DACoRD (www.drcenter.dk) is the Danish INACH member. DRC identifies racial discrimination and provides advice, guidance and legal assistance to persons who have been victims of racial discrimination, or who have witnessed this.[27] It brings cases to the police, courts, and to international bodies like the UN Committee on the Elimination of all forms of racist discrimination (CERD). It monitors hate speech on the internet.[28]
Radical Content: A project involving the Danish Security and Intelligence Service, the National Commissioner of Police and academia has been launched in order to enhance monitoring of websites in relation to terrorism systematically.[29] According to section 8(3)(5) of the general conditions for the assignment, registration and administration of domain names under the .dk top level domain, a domain name may be suspended or deleted if it is actively being used in connection with manifestly illegal acts or omissions. The provision concerns the content of the website, not the name of it. This provision can be used to suspend, for example, websites which support terrorism.[30] The Danish Security and Intelligence Service has set up a special Centre for Prevention in the Preventive Security Department. This Centre is responsible for the initiation and implementation of a number of specific projects aiming at preventing radicalisation and terrorism. In this respect, several of the projects focus on the role of the Internet.[31] |
Estonia |
Awareness Raising: Awareness site (lapsnetis.eesti.ee) operated by the Nationwide Child Helpline (http://lasteabi.ee/eng) and the Ministry of Social Affairs (www.sm.ee). ISP self-regulation.[32]
Organisations: - NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence in Tallinn to conduct research and training aimed at fighting cyber crime.[33] - May 2009, FBI announced proposal to permanently base a computer crimes expert in Estonia to further help it fight cyber crime. |
Finland |
Child abuse: ISPs DNS block voluntarily at Government’s request. Under the Act on blocking distribution of child pornography (2006), the Police National Bureau of Investigation are empowered to maintain a list of child pornography sites, and the ISPs are given powers to block access to the blacklisted sites. There is no appeal proceedure, but a complaint can be made. [34]
Additional URLs related to money laundering may also have been added recently by the NBI.[35]
Hotlines: Nettivihje: child porn[36] - run by Save The Children Finland – “tip line”, cooperates with the NBI, and is a member of INHOPE.[37]
The Finnish Police will establish a “tip-off-entry” -service from 1 March 2010 through which Internet users can alert police to crimes online. [38]
Hosting Terms of Service: The Ministry of the transportation and communication has established a working group that is drafting a code of conduct to internet service providers in order to decrease the illegal content in web pages locating on Finnish servers. The main purpose is that moderators would self-regulate the content more pro-active. The code of conduct will be published in May 2010.[39] |
France |
Hotlines:
Hate Speech: 2009, LICRA met with French Police Department dealing with cyber hate and a special partnership has been established for LICRA to be able to send its complaints directly to that office.[42] One person in a legal department at LICRA dedicated to monitoring the Internet, "which is highly insufficient in relation to the challenge".[43]
Awareness raising: internetsanscrainte.fr is the French node for the Safer Internet Program. The site is managed by the Ministry of Education (Délégation aux Usages de l’Internet, Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche), together with Tralere, a producer of educational software, e-enfance, an online child protection NGO, and AFA, the French ISP Association. Racism: The 2004 French law that implements the EU E-commerce Directive gives the plaintiffs an option, after all possible measures to convince the hosting company to take down the illegal access have been exhausted, to enforce ISPs to filter the illegal content. In 2005 the Appeal Court in Paris ordered French ISPs to block the access to website AAARGH, which NGOs complained was racist.[44]
Copyright infringement: Haute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Protection des Droits sur Internet (HADOPI) loi favorisant la diffusion et la protection de la création sur Internet against copyright infringement became law in September 2009. Judges can hand down internet bans, fines, and jail sentences.[45] |
Germany |
Child abuse / Nazism: Many ISPs voluntarily use DNS filtering at the request of the Government.[46] A law was passed in 2009 to make this mandatory, but became mired in political opposition. A blacklist is maintained by the German Federal Criminal Police Office. Since 2006 search engines have voluntary censored their search results of sites listed by the governmental media classification organisation, 'Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien (BPJM)' (Federal Commission for Media Harmful to Young Persons).[47] According to the INHOPE country profile,[48] German legislation provides laws referring to instruction and incitements to racial hatred or violence (S. 130 /130a of the German Penal Code (StGB)), extreme representation of violence (S. 131 StGB), support or propaganda of criminal or terrorist associations (Sections 129, 129a StGB), public incitement to offences (S. 111 StGB), and the spreading of anti-democratic or national socialistic propaganda (S. 86 StGB). The Lower House of the German Parliament passed the Information and Communication Services Act (IuKDG) in 1997. At the same time the Federal Assembly adopted the Media Service Treaty. Both laws regulate the responsibility for Internet contents.
Hotlines: - Jugendschutz.net was founded in 1997 by Germany in order to restrict child pornography, right wing extremism and all harmful content endangering children and young people on the Internet.[49] Jugendschutz.net is the local INACH member. It is a German federal organisation founded in 1997 by the German Youth Ministries for the protection of minors on the Internet. It now deals with all kinds of illegal and harmful content and since 2000 has been running a specific project combating right-wing extremism and hate on the Internet.[50] Currently Jugendschutz.net's work facing online hate is supported by the Federal Agency for Civic Education in Germany.[51] Jugendschutz.net has established relationships with several Web 2.0 platforms like Google/YouTube and Last.FM to remove/block illegal videos.[52] - eco Forum e.V., is the Internet Service Provider Association of Germany. In 1996 it established the Internet Content Task Force (ICTF) to ensure the functioning of voluntary control mechanisms in the German internet. The collaboration of this body with other organisations led to the establishment of voluntary content standards ("Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia", FSM)[53] and the Internet Content Eco Forum works with INHOPE and also works with content complaints bodies in Europe, Australia and the USA to ensure
Awareness Raising: Jugenschutz.net published booklet for children to sensitise them to the structure of hate on the Internet.[56] |
Greece |
Hotlines:
Awareness Raising:
|
Hungary |
Hotlines: - MATISZ (www.internethotline.hu) : general purpose hotline covering child pornography and other illegal content. Operated by Matisz, the Hungarian Association of the Content Industry.[58] Works with the Ministry of Communication. - Saferinternet.hu operates as the safer Internet node in Hungary. Project partners are the Internet Children's Services (www.gyermekmento.hu). Filtering: Apparently no as of 2007.[59] A hotline appears to be in development by the Hungarian service providers’ body, MATISZ.[60] In 2002-2003 the Internet Crime Department of the Hungarian Police Force – Directorate of Crimes was established. The National Audio-Visual Media Strategy (NAMS) is also under development. NAMS will re-regulate the legal regulatory environment for confining paedophile content on the files of the new media also (mobile, digital TV, cross-media). |
Ireland |
Hotlines: INHOPE headquartered in Dublin. Hotline operated by the ISPAI, the Internet Service Providers’ Association of Ireland.
Measures against Illegal Copyright Infringement: Copyright and Related Rights Acts 2000 (as amended) CRRA - EMI Records (Ireland) Ltd and Others – v- Eircom Ltd and BT Communications Ireland Ltd [2006] EDCR 40 - (Liability of Provider) As part of the settlement, Eircom, Ireland's largest broadband ISP, was not to be at a competitive disadvantage and the music industry was to pursue other ISPs e.g. BT Ireland. Eircom agreed to implement a "three-strikes" policy against subscribers found to be infringing copyright. Irish ISPs have continued to resist any general obligation to monitor subscribers' infringing internet use.[61]
Measures against Child Abuse Images: Child Trafficking and Pornography Act 1998. Irish law does not provide for mandatory reporting of child pornography but www.hotline.ie acts as a clearing house for public reports of illegal content online e.g. child pornography, xenophobic material, racist material etc. Specific case against child pornographic content: In 2008, a report to the Irish internet hotline, hotline.ie, was transmitted through the INHOPE network to Australia, where illegal content was hosted, resulting in the disabling of the relevant websites.[62] |
Italy |
Child abuse: On 12 July 2002, the Italian government established a Technical Committee for a Safer Use of the Internet.[63] It aims at defining, monitoring and evaluating an intervention strategy with the objectives of creating the necessary conditions to guarantee to every user the capability and possibility to use and take advantage of Communication Technologies in a safe way. It pays particular attention to certain categories of users, such as elderly, disabled, minors, people belonging to minorities, etc.
Filtering: Filtering of child abuse images from 1 March 2007 (obligation under law to respond within six hours of request by Centro nazionale per il contrasto della pedopornografia).
Hotlines: - Stop-it, a hotline organisation targeting child pornography, violence, racism, narcotics, and abusive marketing, was established in November 2002 by Save the Children Italy. Stop-it forwards reports to the Italian Telematic Police.[64] It is partnered by industry, including the Italian Association of Internet Providers and Tiscali S.p.A., and children's rights and human rights NGOs and consumer groups. - The hotline HOT114 for child abuse images has received 2,038 complaints between 1 April 2005 and 30 April 2008, with an increase over the course of time.[65] |
Latvia |
Hotlines: Drossinternets.lv (NetSafe.lv), a project established by the Secretariat of Special Assignments for Elecronic Government Affairs of the Republic of Latvia and the Latvian Internet Association as part of Safer Internet Plus in July 2007.[66] In the same project Hotline Latvia was established. Guidelines on Latvian legislation and identifying illegal content are on p 31 of the 2007-08 annual report.[67] 42 complaints in 2007, 118 in 2008, of which total 20 were forwarded to Latvian police, 4 resulted in convictions, 2 for financial fraud, 2 for child abuse materials.[68] The most popular categories of complaint were about fraud, and hatred accounted for only 3, and violent material only 11.
Hate Speech: Latvian Center for Human Rights (LCHR) Member of INACH (www.humanrights.org.lv). |
Lithuania |
Hotlines: Hotline for child abuse and racist material,[69] "draugiskasinternetas.lt" operated by the Lithuanian Communications Regulatory Authority. Complaints are verified and forwarded to the authorities. |
Luxembourg |
Hotlines: LISA Stopline http://www.lisa-stopline.lu/ (member of INHOPE) deals with Child sexual abuse content; Racism, revisionism and other discrimination related content; and Terrorism related content.[70] LuSI is the national awareness node. |
Malta |
Hotlines: Child pornography hotline (http://www.appogg.gov.mt/hotline_whatisthehotline.asp) managed by the National Social Welfare Agency for children and families in need. Also runs awareness raising activities on internet safety for children. |
Netherlands |
Filtering: In late 2007 the ISP, UPC, voluntarily signed an agreement with the Dutch police to DNS filter URLs reported by the police.[71]
No official governmental filtering but some ISPs DNS block.[72]
Hotlines: (Child abuse hotline) Meldpunt ter bestrijding van Kinderpornografie op Internet (the Hotline combating Child Pornography on the Internet): is an independent private foundation officially opened by the Ministry of Justice in June 1996. The Dutch Hotline was created at the initiative of internet providers joined in the (now dissolved) NLIP as well as individual Internet users.[73]
(Anti-discrimination hotline) Meldpunt Discriminatie Internet (www.meldpunt.nl): MDI is part of the Magenta Foundation and founded in 1997 to prohibit discrimination on the Dutch part of the Internet. Works closely with various organisations such as Art 1, the police, Public Ministry and several foreign organisations involved in combating discrimination on the Internet. The MDI is also co-founder of the International Network Against Cyber Hate (INACH).
MDI is currently funded by the Dutch government through the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Integration. Extra funding may be provided by different public and private sources.[74]
2009, MDI has been working with website owners and moderators to develop guidelines for moderation, on the education of forum-users and training of police and prosecutorial authorities. [75] MDI plans to launch Project (RU4REAL) Europe-wide in 2010 for young Internet users. [76] |
Poland |
Hotlines: NASK Poland operates the NIFC Hotline (National Initiative for Children Hotline) Polska. The team acting within the framework of the Research and Academic Computer Network, qualified to receive and react to notifications relating to the occurrence of illegal content on the Internet under Polish law.[77] Funded under the Safer Internet Programme.
Hate Speech: Never Again Association (Member of INACH) (www. nigdywiecej.prh.pl). It currently relies on voluntary work of the Association members. In 2009, it had to downscale counter-cyber hate work. Does not take part in NASK or INHOPE. [78] |
Portugal |
Hotlines: Linha Alerta - combined reporting hotline and awareness node. Cofunded by the European Commission under the Safer Internet Program, and involving UMIC – National Agency for Knowledge Society; the Ministry of Education, FCCN, Foundation for National Scientific Computing, and Microsoft Portugal. |
Romania |
Hotlines: Sigur.info is responsible for the promotion of Internet safety for children. It also takes reports about websites hosting illegal content. It operates as a Romanian combined node consisting of a hotline, helpline and Awareness node. [80] Funded under Safer Internet Plus Programme. [81] The node will aim to combat illegal or harmful content - child pornography, abusers grooming, bullying, racism, xenophobia. [82]
Hate Speech: ActiveWatch - Media Monitoring Agency (AW-MMA) is INACH Member (www. mma.ro). NGO - work on a voluntary basis for funding reasons. [83] In 2009, worked with INACH cyber hate watch team to create code of ethics for online media and bloggers and is now available for implementation. |
Slovakia |
Awareness Raising: The Slovak Awareness Centre established the National Free Helpline, www.pomoc.sk, to provide consultation on responsible use of the Internet.
Hotlines: In February 2010, eSlovensko will launch the National Helpline for Reporting Illegal Content and Conduct Online (www.stopline.sk). [84]
Hate Speech: People against Racism (PAR) Member of INACH (www.rasizmus.sk). Independent. Monitors racism on the Internet. Cooperates with the police and other civic bodies. [85] |
Slovenia |
Hotlines: Deals with child pornography and hate speech. Consortium of Ljubljana University, Slovene Consumer Organisation and Slovene Internet Service Providers Association. [86] |
Spain |
Hotlines Initially child pornography hotline. Has recently expanded remit to cover racism and xenophobia, terrorism and drug trafficking. Also runs awareness raising around child pornography. [87]
Measures against Illegal Copyright Infringement: Telefonica Case 2008. ECJ refused to uphold decision of Spanish Commercial Court that an ISP was required in civil proceedings to disclose the identities of subscribers allegedly infringing copyright by downloading content. Hate Speech/Racial Discrimination: Movimiento contra la Intolerancia is INACH member (www.movimientocontralaintolerencia.com). |
Sweden |
Filtering: Some ISPs DNS block (Telnor DNS system extended from Telnor Norway to Telnor’s Swedish subsidiaries in May 2005, using a blacklist maintained by the Sexual Assaults against Children and Child Pornography Unit of the National Criminal Investigation Department of the Swedish Police).[88]
Hate Speech/Discrimination: Diskrimineringsbyran Uppsala (DU) Member of INACH (www.diskrimineringsbyran.se). Uppsala Foreningsrad represents about 350 local NGOs and is the owner of DU. Currently it is funded by the Swedish government. [89] |
United Kingdom |
Filtering: Voluntary ISP filtering of URLs on Internet Watch Foundation blacklist by most ISPs at Government’s request.[90]
Hate Speech/Discrimination: Community Security Trust (CST) INACH member (www.thecst.org.uk). It is the defence agency of the Jewish community in the UK. Works with the police and relevant departments of state. Funding from the Jewish community. Refers offensive websites to the police and the IWF. |
[1] Steve Crocker, “How the Internet got its rules”, New York Times, 6 April 2009; Steve Crocker, Request for Comments, 7 April 1963 (URL: www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0001.txt, last accessed 2 December2009).
[2] ibid.
[3] ibid.
[4] Steve Crocker to Johnny Ryan, E-mail, 19 April 2009.
[5] Vint Cerf to Johnny Ryan, E-mail, April 2009.
[6] Steve Crocker, RFC 3, April 1969 (URL: www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3.html, last accessed 2 December 2009).
[8] INHOPE country profile (URL: https://www.inhope.org/en/content/details.php?countryid=2, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[9] INACH Report 2009, p. 11.
[10] INACH 2009 Report, p. 11.
[11] http://www.web112.net/en/
[12] Cyberterrorism: The Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes, Council of Europe, 2007.
[13] http://www.cyberethics.info/cyethics2/UserFiles/CyberethicsGII_Internet_SafetyHelpline_Training_Manual.pdf.
[15] https://www.inhope.org/en/content/details.php?&serviceid=1&countryid=233.
[16] http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/fight_against_terrorism/4_Theme_Files/cyprus.pdf.
[17] http://old.saferinternet.org/ww/en/pub/insafe/news/articles/0307/cy.htm.
[18] http://lancasteruaf.blogspot.com/2007/08/czech-watchdog-to-monitor-hate-speech.html
[19] http://www.saferinternet.org/web/guest/centre/-/centre/czech-republic;jsessionid=A7AC1E0E99409BF22647DC9A86CA4AA0?p_p_lifecycle=1&p_r_p_1607082367_country=Czech+Republic&#p_centreWebContent_WAR_insafeportlet
[20] http://www.lupa.cz/clanky/t-mobile-jde-do-umts-fdd/
[21] “Vodafone's Child Porn Filter Blocks Innocent Czech Tech Blogs”, Mediashift, 15 January 2009 (URL: http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2009/01/-vodafones-child-porn-filter-blocks-innocent-czech-tech-blogs015.html, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[22] "ISP 'Voluntary' / Mandatory Filtering", Libertus.net, 31 May 2009 (URL: http://libertus.net/censor/ispfiltering-gl.html, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[23] “Danish Court Tells ISP To Block PirateBay”, TechDirt, 4 February 2008 (URL: http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080204/213143171.shtml, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[25] https://www.inhope.org/en/content/details.php?&serviceid=1&countryid=4
[26] http://eng.medieraadet.dk/About%20Us/About%20us.aspx
[27] http://www.drcenter.dk/
[28] INACH 2009 Report, p. 12
[29] http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/fight_against_terrorism/4_Theme_Files/denmark.pdf, para. 4.
[30] http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/fight_against_terrorism/4_Theme_Files/denmark.pdf, para. 8.
[31] http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/fight_against_terrorism/4_Theme_Files/denmark.pdf, para. 9.
[32] Cyberterrorism: The Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes, Council of Europe, 2008
[33] www.ccdcoe.org
[34] Response to request for information from the Ministry of the Interior, 22 December.
[35] EFF Finland press release (URL: http://www.effi.org/julkaisut/tiedotteet/lehdistotiedote-2008-02-12-en.html, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[37] Response to request for information from the Ministry of the Interior, 22 December 2009.
[38] Response to request for information from the Ministry of the Interior, 22 December 2009.
[39] Response to request for information from the Ministry of the Interior, 22 December 2009.
[40] INHOPE country profile (URL: https://www.inhope.org/en/content/details.php?countryid=6, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[41] http://www.pointdecontact.net/questions_courantes.aspx?t=mineur#contenu_mineur
[42] INACH Report 2009, p. 8.
[43] INACH Report 2009, p. 13.
[44] "French ISPs need to block websites", EDRI, 6 December 2006 (URL: http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number4.23/french_isp, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[45] "French Parliament OKs Disputed Internet Piracy Law", PC Mag, 22 September 2009 (URL:http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2353171,00.asp, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[46] "German Government forces ISPs to put web filters", EDRI, 22 April 2009 (URL: http://www.edri.org/edri-gram/number7.8/web-filters-isp-germany/, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[47] "Search engines voluntaril block harmful content in Germany", EDRI 10 March 2005 (URL:http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number3.5/search, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[48] INHOPE country profile (URL: https://www.inhope.org/en/content/details.php?countryid=7, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[49] INHOPE country profile (URL: https://www.inhope.org/en/content/details.php?countryid=7, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[50] INACH Report 2009, p. 13.
[51] INACH Report 2009, p. 13.
[52] INACH Report 2009, p. 8.
[53] INHOPE country profile (URL: https://www.inhope.org/en/content/details.php?countryid=7, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[54] www.eco.de/dokumente/General_Information_2.26.pdf
[55] www.eco.de/dokumente/General_Information_2.26.pdf
[56] INACH Report 2009, p. 8.
[57] http://saferinternet.org/web/guest/centre/-/centre/greece;jsessionid=B5BF4DF087F6BC0B8C28C6368B39BEA3?p_p_lifecycle=1&p_r_p_1607082367_country=Greece&
[58] http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sip/projects/completed/hotlines/hu_hotline/index_en.htm
[59] Cyberterrorism: The Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes, Council of Europe, 2007
[60] Internethotline.hu (URL:http://www.internethotline.hu/, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[61] http://www.ispai.ie/docs/20090313copyright.pdf.
[62] http://www.ispai.ie/docs/hlieacma.pdf
[63] See http://www.innovazione.gov.it/ita/intervento/normativa/dpcm_comitatousosic.shtml.
[64] See http://www.poliziadistato.it/pds/primapagina/stop-it/.
[65] “Segnalazioni inoltrate all'Hot114 dal 1 aprile 2005 al 30 aprile 2008”, Hot114 (URL: http://www.hot114.it/binary/hot_114/dati_ricerche/Dati_Hot114_apr_05_apr_08.1211454283.pdf, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[66] "NetSafe.lv hotline annual public report, 2007-2008" (URL: http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/apps/projects/logos/FSIP-2008-CNH-143810/publishing/readmore/Final_Public_Report_T24.pdf, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[67] "NetSafe.lv hotline annual public report, 2007-2008", p. 31.
[68] "NetSafe.lv hotline annual public report, 2007-2008", p. 32.
[69] Draugiskasinternetas.lt (URL: http://www.draugiskasinternetas.lt/, last accessed 30 November 2009).
[70] Lisa-stopline.hu (URL: https://www.lisa-stopline.lu/index.php?id=11&L=2, last accessed 22 December 2009).
[71] EFF Finland press release (URL: http://www.effi.org/julkaisut/tiedotteet/lehdistotiedote-2008-02-12-en.html, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[72] "ISP 'Voluntary' / Mandatory Filtering", Libertus.net, 31 May 2009 (URL: http://libertus.net/censor/ispfiltering-gl.html, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[73] Meldpunt website (URL: http://www.meldpunt-kinderporno.nl/EN/about_us.htm, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[74] INACH Report 2009 pg 14
[75] INACH 2009 Report, pg 9
[76] INACH 2009 Report pg 9
[77] http://www.dyzurnet.pl/en
[78] INACH Report 2009 pg 14
[79] http://linhaalerta.internetsegura.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=36&lang=en;
http://linhaalerta.internetsegura.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16&Itemid=31&lang=en
[80] http://www.saferinternet.org/web/guest/centre/-/centre/romania?p_p_lifecycle=1&p_r_p_1607082367_country=Romania&#p_centreWebContent_WAR_insafeportlet
[81] http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/apps/projects/factsheet/index.cfm?project_ref=SIP-2007-CNH-143707
[82] http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/apps/projects/factsheet/index.cfm?project_ref=SIP-2007-CNH-143707
[83] INACH 2009 Report, pg 15
[84] http://www.saferinternet.org/web/guest/centre/-/centre/slovakia?p_p_lifecycle=1&p_r_p_1607082367_country=Slovakia&
[85] INACH 2009 Report, pg 16
[86] http://www.spletno-oko.si/uploadi/editor/1239257576spletno_oko_eng.pdf
[87] http://www.protegeles.com/eng_que_es1.asp
[88] "ISP 'Voluntary' / Mandatory Filtering", Libertus.net, 31 May 2009 (URL: http://libertus.net/censor/ispfiltering-gl.html, last accessed 23 November 2009).
[89] INACH Report 2009, p.17.
[90] Vernon Coaker, written response to question in Parliament, 15 May 2006.
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Comments 1-1 of 1
Addition to France: In 2009 the "HADOPI" Law was passed, following a revision. It introduces the three strike rule whereby ISPs are required to issue warnings followed by action (severing internet access, following a notice from the new HADOPI agency, following expedited judicial review, for 2 months and more, and blacklisting customer's name to prevent use of a different ISP). sources: http://www.senat.fr/dossierleg/pjl07-405.html